Long-tailed Shrike (Lanius schach)

OTHER NAMES: Rufous-backed Shrike
Latin Etymology: Lanius ("to tear to pieces") schach (onomatopoeic based on call)

Adult Long-tailed Shrike (Lanius schach) at Oxfordshire, UK - July 2026

Featured Subspecies: Unknown, though erysthronotus would seem most likely
Weight: 33-52g  /  Length: 20-25cm  /  Wingspan: 30-35cm
NO UK STATUS / IUCN Red List: Least Concern

A widespread resident of Southern and Central Asia, although not present in much of mainland South East Asia or Borneo.  They are a fairly visually diverse species with some species having a typical shrike "bandit mask" while some subspecies have much more vivid colours and the black extends into more towards being a full "cap". This bird on the Gloucestershire/Oxfordshire border is only the third ever reported in the UK, thought fascinatingly the second arrived just a week prior and their stays overlapped, a bizarre coincidence for such a rare species!
 
Related Species: 
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Laniidae
Genus: Lanius

SUBSPECIES: L. s. erythronotus, L. s. caniceps, L. s. tricolor, L. s. schach, L. s. longicaudatus, L. s. bentet, L. s. nasutus, L. s. suluensis, L. s. stresemanni 

 
- Sighting Locations -

UNITED KINGDOM - An extremely rare vagrant.

A vagrant bird seen on the Gloucestershire/Oxfordshire border is only the third ever UK record of this species, one being here at the same time

Further Notes: BirdForum Opus, IUCN Red List, RSPB, Wikipedia, Xeno-canto

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Red-flanked Bluetail (Tarsiger cyanurus)

OTHER NAMES: Orange-flanked Bush-robin
Latin Etymology: Tarsiger ("flat of foot, carry") cyanurus ("blue-tailed") 

First Winter male Red-flanked Bluetail (Tarsiger cyanurus) at Gressenhall, Norfolk - February 2026

Featured Subspecies: N/A
Weight: 10-18g/kg  /  Length: 13-14cm  /  Wingspan: 21-24.5cm
NO UK STATUS / IUCN Red List: Least Concern

A species whose breeding range largely comprises the Russian Far East, along with Northern Japan, Mongolia, and probably more pertinent to this species in pockets of Finland and Sweden. They Winter in South East Asia, particularly Southern China.  The adult male has a striking deep blue head and wings, while the female and first Winter male have a colour scheme resembling more a faded eurasian robin with a blue tail. Formely consided to have two subspecies, the second has now been split into the Himalayan Bluetail.
 
Related Species: 
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Muscicapidae
Genus: Tarsiger
SUBSPECIES: none - monotypic 

- Sighting Locations -

UNITED KINGDOM - A rare but increasingly regular vagrant

 - One vagrant bird at Gressenhall, Norfolk in February 2026

Further Notes: BirdForum Opus, IUCN Red List, RSPB, Wikipedia, Xeno-canto

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Lesser Greenlet (Pachysylvia decurtata)

OTHER NAMES: N/A
Latin Etymology: Pachysylvia ("stout woodland sprite") decurtata ("short")

 

Lesser Greenlet (Pachysylvia decurtata) at Carara National Park, Costa Rica - November 2025

Featured Subspecies: Pachysylvia decurtata decurtata
Weight: 6.6-10.3g  /  Length: 9.4-10.2cm  /  Wingspan: ?
NO UK STATUS / IUCN Red List: Least Concern

A small member of the vireo family found in Central America, it is primarily insectivorous and has a lifestyle somewhat resembling a phylloscopus warbler - following mixed feeding flocks to hunt prey taken from branches. It's subspecies are somewhat unresolved with different taxonomies treating it as having either three or six subspecies.
 
Related Species: 
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Vireonidae
Genus: Pachysylvia
SUBSPECIES: P. d. brevipennis, P. d. dickermani, P. d. phillipsi, P. d. decurtata, P. d. dariensis, P. d. minor
 
- Sighting Locations -

COSTA RICA - Spanish (Costa Rica) - Verdillo Menudo 
A widespread inhabitant of lowlands
- COSTA RICA 2025 TRIP: Seen at Carara National Park

Further Notes: BirdForum Opus, IUCN Red List, RSPB, Wikipedia, Xeno-canto

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Lincoln's Sparrow (Melospiza lincolnii)

OTHER NAMES: N/A
Latin Etymology: Melospiza ("song finch") lincolnii (Thomas Lincoln, a friend of Audobon)

Adult Lincoln's Sparrow (Melospiza lincolnii) at Anchorage, Alaska - August 2024

Featured Subspecies: Melospiza lincolnii gracilis
Weight: 17-19g/kg  /  Length: 13-15cm  /  Wingspan: 19-22cm
NO UK STATUS / IUCN Red List: Least Concern

A somewhat more timid member of the New World Sparrows, Lincoln's Sparrow favour more mountainous and boggy habitats where they are primarily ground feeding. They winter in the Southern US and Mexico. Thomas Lincoln for whom they are named, shot a bird in Nova Scotia, which he presented to his friend James Audobon who named it after him.
 
Related Species: 
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Passerellidae
Genus: Melospiza
SUBSPECIES: M. l. lincolnii, M. l. gracilis, M. l. alticola
 
- Sighting Locations -

UNITED STATES - Breeds in Alaska, Rockies and inland on the West Coast States, Winters on West Coast and Southern Saates 
 - CHICAGO TO ALASKA ROADTRIP 2024: Seen in Alaska

Further Notes: BirdForum Opus, IUCN Red List, RSPB, Wikipedia, Xeno-canto

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White-throated Magpie-jay (Cyanocorax formosus)

OTHER NAMES: N/A
Latin Etymology:  Cyanocorax ("cyan crow") formosus ("beautiful")

White-throated Magpie-jay (Cyanocorax formosus) at Tarcoles, Costa Rica - November 2025

Featured Subspecies: Cyanocorax formosus pompatus
Weight: 205-213g  /  Length: 43-56cm  /  Wingspan: ?
NO UK STATUS / IUCN Red List: Least Concern

A resident of the Pacific Slope of Central America with Costa Rica representing its most sourtherly point. They are social birds, often travelling in small noisy flocks. It was formerly considered to have a fourth subspecies, but that is now considered its own species as the Black-throated Magpie-jay.
 
Related Species: 
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Corvidae
Genus: Cyanocorax
SUBSPECIES: C. f. formosus, C. f. azureus, C. f. pompatus
 
- Sighting Locations -

COSTA RICA - Spanish - Urraca Hermosa Cariblanca ("beautiful white-faced magpie")
Common resident of North-West Costa-Rica
- COSTA RICA 2025 TRIP: Seen at Tarcoles 

Further Notes: BirdForum Opus, IUCN Red List, RSPB, Wikipedia, Xeno-canto

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Mangrove Swallow (Tachycineta albilinea)

OTHER NAMES: N/A
Latin Etymology: Tachycineta ("moving quickly") albilinea ("white lined") 

Mangrove Swallow (Tachycineta albilinea) at Tarcoles, Costa Rica - November 2025

Featured Subspecies: N/A
Weight: 14g  /  Length: 11-12cm  /  Wingspan: ?
NO UK STATUS / IUCN Red List: Least Concern

Unlike many hirundines, the mangrove swallow is a solitary nester built into nooks near water, either manmade or artificial. These particular birds pictured had made the bold choice to make a nest on one of the tour boats for the Tarcoles River, and thus periodically they would follow their moving nest up and down the river before returning to dock, seemingly unphased.
 
Related Species: 
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Hirundinidae
Genus: Tachycineta
SUBSPECIES: none - monotypic 
 
- Sighting Locations -

COSTA RICA - Spanish - Golondrina de Manglar ("Mangrove Swallow")

Found in coastal and wetland lowlands, particularly Mangroves
- COSTA RICA 2025 TRIP: Seen at Tarcoles 

Further Notes: BirdForum Opus, IUCN Red List, RSPB, Wikipedia, Xeno-canto

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Yellow-thighed Brushfinch (Atlapetes tibialis)

OTHER NAMES: N/A
Latin Etymology:  Atlapetes ("powerful flyer") tibialis ("relating to shinbones")

Yellow-thighed Brushfinch (Atlapetes tibialis) at San Gerardo de Dota, Costa Rica - November 2025

Featured Subspecies: N/A
Weight: 31g  /  Length: 18.5cm  /  Wingspan: ?
NO UK STATUS / IUCN Red List: Least Concern

An omnivorous endemic of the Talamancan Montane Forest where it breeds from 1700m altitude to the timberline. Despite the name, it is a member of the New World Sparrows rather than the finches. They are quite adaptable in their habitat and can also be found in various densities of growth including in scrub and bamboo.
 
Related Species: 
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Passerellidae
Genus: Atlapetes
SUBSPECIES: none - monotypic 
 
- Sighting Locations -

COSTA RICA - Spanish - Cerquero Musliamarillo
An endemic of the Talamancan Montane Forest
- COSTA RICA 2025 TRIP: Seen at San Gerardo de Dota

Further Notes: BirdForum Opus, IUCN Red List, RSPB, Wikipedia, Xeno-canto

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Flame-throated Warbler (Oreothlypis gutturalis)

OTHER NAMES: N/A
Latin Etymology: Oreothlypis ("mountain warbler") gutturalis ("of the throat")

Flame-throated Warbler (Oreothlypis gutturalis) at San Gerardo de Dota, Costa Rica - November 2025

Featured Subspecies: N/A
Weight: 10g  /  Length: 11cm  /  Wingspan: ?
NO UK STATUS / IUCN Red List: Least Concern

An endemic warbler of the Talamancan Montane Forest running between Costa Rica and Panama where they feed primarily upon spiders and insects higher in the branches. They have a particularly high core range, starting at 2100m up to the timberline, although in the wet season they may descend lower in certain locales.
 
Related Species: 
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Parulidae
Genus: Oreothlypis
SUBSPECIES: none - monotypic 
 
- Sighting Locations - 

COSTA RICA - Spanish - Reinita Garganta de Fuego ("Fire-throated Warbler")

Endemic to the Talamancan Montane Forest EcoZone     
- COSTA RICA 2025 TRIP: Seen at San Gerardo de Dota

Further Notes: BirdForum Opus, IUCN Red List, RSPB, Wikipedia, Xeno-canto

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Morelet's Seedeater (Sporophila morelleti)

OTHER NAMES: N/A
Latin Etymology: Sporophila ("seed loving") morelleti (for naturalist Pierre Morelet)

 

Female Morelet's Seedeater (Sporophila morelleti) at Tarcoles, Costa Rica - November 2025

Featured Subspecies: Sporophila morelleti morelleti
Weight: 6-12g  /  Length: 9.5-11cm  /  Wingspan: ?
NO UK STATUS / IUCN Red List: Least Concern

The most northerly ranging member of the seedeaters being found up to to the Rio Grande along the Southern US border. Interestingly, while as adults they live up to their name as seedeaters, they primarily feed their chicks insects as a higher protein food source to help them grow, who then switch to seeds on fledging.
 
Related Species: 
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Thraupidae
Genus: Sporophila
SUBSPECIES: S. m. sharpei, S. m. morelleti
 
- Sighting Locations -

COSTA RICA - Spanish - Semillero de Morelet
A widespread resident of lowlands
- COSTA RICA 2025 TRIP: Seen at Tarcoles 

Further Notes: BirdForum Opus, IUCN Red List, RSPB, Wikipedia, Xeno-canto

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Variable Seedeater (Sporophila corvina)

OTHER NAMES: N/A
Latin Etymology: Sporophila ("seed loving") corvina ("raven black")

 

Male Variable Seedeater (Sporophila corvina) at Tarcoles, Costa Rica - November 2025

Featured Subspecies: Sporophila corvina hoffmannii
Weight: 11g  /  Length: 10.5cm  /  Wingspan: ?
NO UK STATUS / IUCN Red List: Least Concern

A small member of the tanager family, the seedfinches as a group have evolved into a very finchlike form. As the other half of the name suggests, they are visually quite distinct acoss the range, with males ranging from almost entirely black to various levels of black and white. It was formerly considered part of a much broader species under the same name, but unusually, while the variable seedeater retained the common name, the then binomial Sporophila americana went to the wing-barred seedeater.
 
Related Species: 
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Thraupidae
Genus: Sporophila
SUBSPECIES: S. c. corvina, S. c. hoffmannii, S. c. hicksii, S. c. ophthalmica
 
- Sighting Locations -

COSTA RICA - Spanish - Semillero variable

Common resident of lowlands
- COSTA RICA 2025 TRIP: Seen at Tarcoles 

Further Notes: BirdForum Opus, IUCN Red List, RSPB, Wikipedia, Xeno-canto

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Scrub Euphonia (Euphonia affinis)

OTHER NAMES: N/A
Latin Etymology: Euphonia ("good sound") affinis ("similar")

 

Female Scrub Euphonia (Euphonia affinis) at Tarcoles, Costa Rica - November 2025

Featured Subspecies: Euphonia affinis affinis
Weight: 10g  /  Length: 9-11cm  /  Wingspan: ?
NO UK STATUS / IUCN Red List: Least Concern

The members of the genus Euphonia are a number of species of small finches of the Neotropics with various slight variations on a black and yellow plumage patterning in the males, and ochre green in the females, in actual fact this unusually makes it somewhat easier to tell a female Scrub Euphonia from the overlapping Yellow-throated Euphonia, as the female has a distinct white collar while the males are superficially very similar.
 
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Fringillidae
Genus: Euphonia
SUBSPECIES: E. a. olmecorum, E. a. affinis
 
- Sighting Locations -

COSTA RICA - Spanish - Fruterito de Garganta Negra
Found in North-West Costa Rica
- COSTA RICA 2025 TRIP: Seen at Tarcoles

Further Notes: BirdForum Opus, IUCN Red List, RSPB, Wikipedia, Xeno-canto

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Spot-crowned Woodcreeper (Lepidocolaptes affinis)

OTHER NAMES: N/A
Latin Etymology: Lepidocolaptes ("scale pecker") affinis ("related to")

Spot-crowned Woodcreeper (Lepidocolaptes affinis) at San Gerardo de Dota, Costa Rica - November 2025

Featured Subspecies: Lepidocolaptes affinis neglectus
Weight: 28-38g  /  Length: 19-22cm  /  Wingspan: ?
NO UK STATUS / IUCN Red List: Least Concern

The higher altitude counterpart to the streak-headed woodcreeper, in Costa Rica mainly found above 1500m altitude in montane and cloud forest, although it is also found in drier forest habitats. Unlike many residents of the Talamancan Montane Forest however it has a wider discontinuous range that extends into Northern Mexico.
 
Related Species: 
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Furnariidae
Genus: Lepidocolaptes
SUBSPECIES: L. a. lignicidae, L. a. affinis, L. a. neglectus 
 
- Sighting Locations -

COSTA RICA Spanish (Costa Rica) - Trepatroncos cabecipunteado ("Speckled Treecreeper")
Found in high elevation forests
- COSTA RICA 2025 TRIP: Seen at San Gerardo de Dota

Further Notes: BirdForum Opus, IUCN Red List, RSPB, Wikipedia, Xeno-canto

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White-lored Gnatcatcher (Polioptila albiloris)

OTHER NAMES: N/A
Latin Etymology: Polioptila ("grey plumage") albiloris ("white lores")

White-lored Gnatcatcher (Polioptila albiloris) at Tarcoles, Costa Rica - November 2025

Featured Subspecies: Polioptila albiloris albiloris
Weight: 6-9g  /  Length: 11-12cm  /  Wingspan: ?
NO UK STATUS / IUCN Red List: Least Concern

A member of the Gnatcatchers, a sister family to the Wrens found only in the Americas, the white lored is a species found predominantly on the Pacific Slope of Central America with this sighting at Tarcoles in Costa Rica representing the very most southerly point of its range. As the name implies, they are insectivorous, although they more typically "glean" food from surfaces rather than catching them in the air. 

Related Species: 
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Polioptilidae
Genus: Polioptila
SUBSPECIES: P. a. vanrossemi, P. a. albiloris
 
- Sighting Locations - 

COSTA RICA - Spanish (Costa Rica) - Perlita Cavecinegra ("Black-headed Pearl")

Resident in North West Costa Rica
- COSTA RICA 2025 TRIP: Seen at Tarcoles 

Further Notes: BirdForum Opus, IUCN Red List, RSPB, Wikipedia, Xeno-canto

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Blue-and-white Swallow (Pygochelidon cyanoleuca)

OTHER NAMES: N/A
Latin Etymology: Pygochelidon ("rump swallow") cyanoleuca ("blue and white")

Blue-and-white Swallow (Pygochelidon cyanoleuca)at Alajuela, Costa Rica - November 2025

Featured Subspecies: Pygochelidon cyanoleuca cyanoleauca
Weight: 10g  /  Length: 11-12cm  /  Wingspan: ?
NO UK STATUS / IUCN Red List: Least Concern

A species with a vast range across of South America but the highest peaks of the Andes meets the most Northerly point of its range in Costa Rica. It is a versatile species which can be found from sea-level to 4000m altitude, building its nest in cavities both natural and man made. It is believed to have benefitted from human caused changes to habitat as deforestation has provided more of the open habitats it prefers.
 
Related Species: 
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Hirundinidae
Genus: Pygochelidon
SUBSPECIES: P. c. cyanoleaca, P. c. peuviana, P. c. patagonica
 
- Sighting Locations - 

COSTA RICA - Spanish - Golondrina Barranquera ("Burrowing Swallow")
A widespread resident
- COSTA RICA 2025 TRIP: Seen at Alajuela 

Further Notes: BirdForum Opus, IUCN Red List, RSPB, Wikipedia, Xeno-canto

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Northern Barred Woodcreeper (Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae)

OTHER NAMES: N/A
Latin Etymology: Dendrocolaptes ("tree chiseller") sanctithomae ("St. Thomas's")

 

Northern Barred Woodcreeper (Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae) at Tarcoles, Costa Rica - November 2025

Featured Subspecies: Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae sanctithomae
Weight: 53-83g  /  Length: 25-29cm  /  Wingspan: ?
NO UK STATUS / IUCN Red List: Least Concern*

Another species with somewhat unresolved taxonomy, as some split it into the Eastern and Western Barred Woodceeper, and occassionally a third as well. In this instance, the species here would be the Western Barred Woodcreeper. A more timid bird than several of its woodcreeper counterparts, this represents the only view I got of one on the trip.
 
Related Species: 
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Furnariidae
Genus: Dendrocolaptes
SUBSPECIES: D. s. scheffleri, D. s. sanctithomae, D. s. hesperius, D. s. punctipectus
 
- Sighting Locations -

COSTA RICA - Spanish (Costa Rica) - Trepador Barreteado

Widespread resident
- COSTA RICA 2025 TRIP: Seen at Tarcoles 

Further Notes: BirdForum Opus, IUCN Red List, RSPB, Wikipedia, Xeno-canto

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Black-billed Nightingale-thrush (Catharus gracilirostris)

OTHER NAMES: N/A
Latin Etymology: Catharus ("pure/clean") gracilirostris ("slender beak")

Black-billed Nightingale-Thrush (Catharus gracilirostris) at San Gerardo de Dota, Costa Rica - November 2025

Featured Subspecies: Catharus gracilirostris gracilirostris
Weight: 21g  /  Length: 13.5-16cm  /  Wingspan: ?
NO UK STATUS / IUCN Red List: Least Concern

A small eurasian robin like thrush endemic to the Talamancan Montane Forests of Costa Rica and Panama - it has a similar lifestyle to them at low levels, hopping along the ground or low shrubs looking for invertibrates and fruits. 
 
Related Species: 
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Turdidae
Genus: Catharus
SUBSPECIES: C. g. gracilirostris, C. g. accentor
 
- Sighting Locations - 

COSTA RICA - Spanish - Zorzalito Piquinegro

An endemic of the Talamancan Montane Forest Ecozone
- COSTA RICA 2025 TRIP: Seen at San Gerardo de Dota 

Further Notes: BirdForum Opus, IUCN Red List, RSPB, Wikipedia, Xeno-canto

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Brown Jay (Cyanocorax morio)

OTHER NAMES: N/A
Latin Etymology: Cyanocorax ("cyan crow") morio (a dark brown stone) 

Brown Jay (Cyanocorax morio) at Tarcoles, Costa Rica - November 2025

Featured Subspecies: Cyanocorax morio morio
Weight: 235g  /  Length: 38-44cm  /  Wingspan: ?
NO UK STATUS / IUCN Red List: Least Concern

An omnivorous forest corvid found largely down the Atlantic slope of Central America from Texas to Panama. They vary somwhat across their range with the white belly seen in this image here being a feature of Southern populations while further North they become much more brown. They have a vocal structure used to produce a hiccup like sound not found in any of their relatives.
 
Related Species: 
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Corvidae
Genus: Cyanocorax
SUBSPECIES: C. m. palliatus, C. m. morio, C. m. vociferus
 
- Sighting Locations -

COSTA RICA - Spanish - Chara Papán 
Widespread Resident
- COSTA RICA 2025 TRIP: Seen at Tarcoles 

Further Notes: BirdForum Opus, IUCN Red List, RSPB, Wikipedia, Xeno-canto

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Black-hooded Antshrike (Thamnophilus bridgesi)

OTHER NAMES: N/A
Latin Etymology: Thamnophilus ("bush loving") bridgesi (collector of holotype)

 

Male Black-hooded Antshrike (Thamnophilus bridgesi) at Carara National Park, Costa Rica - November 2025

Featured Subspecies: N/A
Weight: 26-27g  /  Length: 15-17cm  /  Wingspan: ?
NO UK STATUS / IUCN Red List: Least Concern

Found only on the Pacific Slope of Costa Rica and Panama, they are insectivores which generally keeps fairly low to the ground, snatching invertibrates where it can find them. It will use tactics such as joining mixed species feeding flocks or even following army ant swarms to pick off prey that flees it from above.
 
Related Species: 
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Thamnophilidae
Genus: Thamnophilus
SUBSPECIES: none - monotypic 
 
- Sighting Locations -

COSTA RICA - Spanish - Batará Negruzco

Widespread on the Pacific Slope.
- COSTA RICA 2025 TRIP: Seen at Carara National Park

Further Notes: BirdForum Opus, IUCN Red List, RSPB, Wikipedia, Xeno-canto

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Silver-throated Tanager (Tangara icterocephala)

OTHER NAMES: N/A
Latin Etymology: Tangara ("dancer") icterocephala ("yellow headed")

Silver-throated Tanager (Tangara icterocephala) at San Gerardo de Dota, Costa Rica - November 2025

Featured Subspecies: Tangara icterocephala frantzii
Weight: 22g  /  Length: 13cm  /  Wingspan: ?
NO UK STATUS / IUCN Red List: Least Concern

A vividly coloured bird ranging from Costa Rica to Ecuador across montane habitats. They typically range from 600-1800m elevations, but this one was present at the outer edges of the ranges of where it's been recorded at over 2200m, no doubt in this instance attracted to the feeders at the cafe. They are omnivorous but the bulk of their diet is fruit. 
 
Related Species: 
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Thraupidae
Genus: Tangara
SUBSPECIES: T. i. frantzii, T. i. oresbia, T. i. icterocephala
 
- Sighting Locations -

COSTA RICA - Spanish (Costa Rica) - Tangara Dorada ("Golden Tanager")

A widespread upland species
- COSTA RICA 2025 TRIP: Seen at San Gerardo de Dota

Further Notes: BirdForum Opus, IUCN Red List, RSPB, Wikipedia, Xeno-canto

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Grey-crowned Yellowthroat (Geothlypis poliocephala)

OTHER NAMES: N/A
Latin Etymology: Geothlypis ("ground bird") poliocephala ("grey headed")   

Grey-crowned Yellowthroat (Geothlypis poliocephala) at Tarcoles, Costa Rica - November 2025

Featured Subspecies: Geothlypis poliocephala icterotis
Weight: g/kg  /  Length: 13.5-14.5cm  /  Wingspan: ?
NO UK STATUS / IUCN Red List: Least Concern

A widespread resident of Central America, particularly associated with grasslands and fields, even sometimes in sugar cane fields. Its range has contracted somewhat, with it formerly breeding in Southern Texas but now only occurs there as a vagrant.
 
Related Species: 
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Parulidae
Genus: Geothlpis
SUBSPECIES: G. p. poliocephala, G. p. ralphi, G. p. palpabralis, G. p. caninucha, G. p. icterotis, G. p. ridgwayi 
 
- Sighting Locations - 

COSTA RICA - Spanish (Costa Rica) - Antifacito Coronigrís

A common resident 
- COSTA RICA 2025 TRIP: Seen at Tarcoles 

Further Notes: BirdForum Opus, IUCN Red List, RSPB, Wikipedia, Xeno-canto

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